united states acquisitions and annexations 1857 1904 united states acquisitions and annexations 1857 1904

for $7.2 million; statehood 1959, Annexation of independent republic; statehood 1959, Purchased from Spain It is tempting to think that the overseas territories can be safely dismissed in this way because they were small and remote. for $10 million, plus $250,000 annually; ceded to Panama It set the Philippines free. Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. Search for other works by this author on: The Author 2016. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal Fone Later L AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN IN 14 W 10 W IN W analyze this Document (notes) One might rightly ask whether, in accepting the category of the Greater United States, historians would be implicitly endorsing or naturalizing the United States empire. But even that familiar story, when viewed through the lens of territoriality, can seem new. independent as Republic of the Marshall The country claimed 94 such islands, nearly all in the Caribbean and Pacific, by 1903. Passage to statehood did come quickly in some cases, such as gold-rush California. Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. 25. 11 Nearly thirteen percent of its populace lived in its overseas colonies. Because my calculation does not include states that were never territories, it excludes (1) the original thirteen states, (2) states that were carved out of existing states (KY, ME, WV), and (3) independent republics that were admitted as states (TX, VT). sovereign, self-governing republic. Kate Zernike, A Palin Joined Alaskan Third Party, Just Not Sarah Palin, New York Times , September 3, 2008. Mariana Islands, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 most islands adopt Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign lands. 26. ), 32 Sherman's march to the sea LC Civil War maps (2nd R. O. Evans and Company - Robertson, H. C. National expansion under the Constitution; or, Despotic power versus delegated authority. This intervention eventually brought about changes in the relationships of the United States with Hawaii, Samoa, and China. Stephen Hunter and John Bainbridge, Jr., American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Trumanand the Shoot-Out That Stopped It (New York, 2005), 266. Calculated from figures in Franklin K. Van Zandt, Boundaries of the United States and the Several States (Washington, DC, 1966), 26264 and Thomas Donaldson, The Public Domain: Its History, with Statistics (Washington, DC, 1884), 8788. There has been an accelerating avalanche of high-profile books on U.S. overseas territory, especially the Philippines. 1846. United States--History, - What we rarely acknowledge is how much territory the U.S. also held by the wars end. One might think its because U.S. historians are exceptionalists and dont pay attention to empire. 45 But what we are learning is how important those small specks nevertheless are, as they act as staging grounds for precisely the kind of economic, military, and cultural interventions that the Wisconsin School emphasized. Bicknell, Edward. Vendor: Bernard J. Shapero Books (London) Acquisitions control no. Revolutionary War, Purchased from France for $15 million, including 46, The War on Terror has drawn our attention to how crucial small overseas sites can be to the projection of power. As it gained power, it shed territory. Besides the above, see especially Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, CA, 1990); Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.Korea Relations (New York, 1997); McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest ; Maria Hhn, GIs and Frauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002); Ji-Yeon Yuh, Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America (New York, 2002); Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 19451959 (New Haven, CT, 2003); Mark L. Gillem, America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire (Minneapolis, MN, 2007); Masumichi S. Inoue, Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization (New York, 2007); Harvey Neptune, Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007); Steven High, Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 19401967 (New York, 2009); Lipman, Guantnamo ; Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire ; David Vine, Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S Military Base on Diego Garcia (Princeton, NJ, 2009); Maria Hhn and Seungsook Moon, eds., Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present (Durham, NC, 2010); Amy Austin Holmes, Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany since 1945 (Cambridge, 2014); Sasha Davis, The Empires Edge: Militarization, Resistance, and Transcending Hegemony in the Pacific (Athens, GA, 2015); and Vine, Base Nation . But those familiar borders only held for four years. 41. Jimmy M. Skaggs, The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion (New York, 1994), 199. Books appeared with intriguing titles: The Greater Republic (1899), The Greater United States (1904), and seven books whose titles contained the phrase Greater America published in the decade following the 1898 war. Following the United States' annexation of the Philippines, _____ led a revolt against the U.S. that resulted in more U.S. casualties than the number who . Annexation of independent republic. The reason for Oklahomas long period of territorial subjugation is that, for the majority of the nineteenth century, it wasnt Oklahoma but Indian Territory, a legally defined but unorganized all-Indian territory within the United States. It comes from 189899, when the United States gutted Spains empire, claiming the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam for itself, occupying Cuba, and taking the occasion to annex the non-Spanish lands of Hawaii and American Samoa. 3 Albizu founded Puerto Ricos Army of Liberation in the 1930s. Discussion Board 5 12 Adding Texas and Vermont to the pool yields an average time-to-statehood of 42 years. : The Evolution of Territoriality in American Law (Oxford, 2009); and Gerald L. Neuman and Tomiko Brown-Nagin, eds., Reconsidering the Insular Cases: The Past and Future of American Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2015). Arguments for U.S. Puerto Rican scholars have written a great deal about Albizu, who is a towering figure in Puerto Rican culture. 286,541. Opening to China, A State of Neutrality: State Development and Early American Neutrality, U.S. Art Museums and Exhibition Diplomacy, Cultural Intermediaries and the Sounds of Freedom, About the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. At its establishment in 1834, Indian Territory extended from the top of present-day Texas to the Canadian border and from the Mississippi to the Rockies. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. This purchase ended Russia's presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. Caveat: 1945, occurring between decennial census enumerations in the U.S. mainland and at the end of a destabilizing war everywhere else, was not the best year for accurate population counts. 8. can i please get some help with this :) Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. 11 and 29; and William E. Unrau, The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 18251855 (Lawrence, KS, 2007). The Jackson administration proposed carving out a large portion of Indian Territory for eventual admission to the union as an all-Indian state. But what isnt important to the argument is the formal empire. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently If you have any questions please let me know.! Those examples are merely suggestive. According to U.S. Bureau of the Census, Reports on Population, Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940 , vol. 36. 31 Over the course of the war, Japan attacked every inhabited Pacific colony that the United States held, and it occupied the Philippines, Guam, Wake, and part of Alaska. In other words, if you looked up in late 1945 and saw the stars and stripes waving overhead, it was more likely that you lived in a colony or occupied country than that you lived on the mainland. This has been a common response of cities to urbanization in neighboring areas. The turn-of-the-century literature: Gilson Willets and Margaret Hamm, Greater America: Heroes, Battles, Camps (New York, 1898); Greater America in Picture and Story: The Army, the Navy, and Our New Possessions (Chicago, IL, 1898); David Jayne Hill, Greater America (Washington, DC: 1898); Great Northern Railway Company, Greater America: A Brief Description of the New Pacific Colonies and How to Reach Them (St. Paul, MN, 1899); Charles Morris, The Greater Republic: A New History of the United States (New York, 1899); Greater America: The Latest Acquired Insular Possessions (Boston: 1900); George Campbell, The Greater United States of America, or, the United States in Destiny (Topeka, KS, 1904); Archibald Ross Colquhoun, Greater America (New York, 1904); Ralph D. Paine, The Greater America (New York, 1907). for $5 million in assumed claims under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico J. Edgar Hoover to Harry Hopkins, July 17, 1943, FBIPR Files, Pedro Albizu Campos, FBI File No. Fone Later L AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN IN 14 W 10 W IN W analyze this Document (notes), Home About Services Privacy Reviews Login, Copyright 2023 Academic Cave | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme, Click one of our contacts below to chat on WhatsApp. 10 It is true that many of the currentinsular possessions of the United States are extraordinarily small (Wake Island: population 150; Swains Island: population 17). Its not hard to see why book jacket designers are so fond of that trope, as it actually captures a great deal of the argument. In the Philippines, the United States abandoned its initial strategy of engaging Japanese forces on the ground for one of bombing and shelling suspected Japanese targets from afar. 30. 1. o :E>vYs~;+&`]J(g(Ql)u Y!+wZ41Y@5 V5Q Z J&j8jkuJ?uFbccuc(d01 Ey?G78%@E^5p;MlCjRM1 a#j@#(#$5|IW:;&,-~P0m. 29,670. ;?={9+;5[?|XI'UX7ZJA'%N7:B5nbuYq"Q13JLhd As one of the justices summarized the logic, the Constitution was the supreme law of the land, but the territories were not part of the land. 20, The result of all thisthe erasure of the colonies from the map, the references to the Greater United States growing scarce, the Courts expulsion of the territories from the landwas the reassertion of an understanding of the United States as a nation-state. 38, Yet from its territorial apex, the United States did something unprecedented. It is an extraordinary fact about the United States that its western territories became states, parts of the union on an equal footing with older states. $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of The promotion of Hawaii and Alaska to statehood can be seen as part of the global decolonization movement. In the 1840s and 1850s, US leaders saw Cuba's strategic importance Annexation by the United States Read . Imperialism, 19151940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001); Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. The Spanish-American war and A defence of the McKinley administration from attacks of Mr. Carl Schurz and other anti-imperialists. endstream If this comes as news to you, youre in good company. But, overall, the overseas territories today contain over four million people. 5 0 obj The aim was to protect the lives of U.S. soldiers, but the cost was borne by Filipinos, large numbers of whom were killed in the crossfire. The map is color-coded to show the territory of the original United States and the Northwest Territory (1783), the Louisiana Purchase (1803), the area acquired from Britain in 1818 west of the Lake of the Woods, Florida in 1819, the annexation of Texas in 1845, the . I counted all non-review articles containing the words Philippine, Philippines, Filipino, or Filipinos in their titles. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904. 24. We can see, better than we could before, how the territorial extensions of the United States matter today, and how they have mattered in the past. self-governing commonwealth of the United States, Annexed following Spanish-America War; in 1950 became <> 4. (To annex is to join a new territory to an existing country.) Relief shown by hachures. We typically say that the end of the war left the United States in a global position of economic and political supremacy. [from old catalog] Created / Published Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. Annexation of independent republic. Hi Mexican Cession. [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. Also available in digital form. 2007-228. Despite his extraordinary career, Albizu doesnt have much of a place in U.S. historiography. Mexican Cession. It would be hard to disagree with the Wisconsin-School assertion that U.S. global power rests on foundations other than territorial control. John O'Sullivan (1813-1895), famously proclaimed that it was "our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence." Has the organization manage. 1. 2 0 obj Relief shown by hachures. ch. 29 Its remarkable, in fact, how many key figures in U.S. history sojourned in the overseas territories. Includes Sandwich Islands inset, world map inset, statistical tables, notes, and ill. * I am grateful to Alvita Akiboh, Michael Allen, Daniel Bessner, Brooke Blower, Michael Falcone, John Immerwahr, Julia Irwin, Aaron OConnell, Andrew Preston, Daniel Sargent, and the Huntington Library Long-Term Fellows Working Group for their thoughts on this essay and to Christopher Capozzola for introducing me to the term Greater United States..